Medical Marijuana Can Help ALS

Kate-Madonna Hindes

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October 15, 2019

Hundreds of studies have looked into the benefits of THC and CBD on pain and overall health, and in the last decade alone, dozens have focused on the effect of cannabinoids on ALS.

One of the most widely misunderstood disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS,) seems to make headlines for the beautiful lives it has taken, including famous baseball legend Lou Gehrig. Cannabis has been proven to help several diseases and medical marijuana can help ALS.

As a progressive neurodegenerative disease, ALS causes patients to lose control of bodily functions such as eating, speaking, and breathing, creating heartache for those who battle the disease. An estimated 30,000 Americans are living with ALS, with 5,000 individuals diagnosed per year, according to the ALS Association. A humbling statistic also is present with ALS, as it was found in a study that veterans are two-times more likely to be diagnosed with ALS over the general public.

Cannabis And Lou Gehrig's Disease — Photo by Bru-nO via Pixabay

Here are two promising studies about THC and CBD’s effects on those battling ALS:

Cannabis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health summarized, “Preclinical data indicate that cannabis has powerful antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects,” when it was added to ALS therapies.
Neurological aspects of medical use of CBD: The US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health found that “Pre-clinical evidence largely shows that CBD can produce beneficial effects in MS patients.”

While on-going, studies continue to show promise for ALS. The Neural Regeneration Research Journal recently published a piece on ALS and cannabis. ALSToday shares:

“According to a single observational study of patients with ALS, only the 10 percent who admitted consuming cannabis revealed moderate relief of several symptoms, including appetite loss, depression, pain and drooling.”

While ultimately research is focused on eliminating ALS altogether, for those suffering and caregivers watching, CBD and cannabinoids may help ease symptoms for a better quality of life.

3 Ways To Be A Conscientious Cannabis Consumer

Danielle Guercio

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October 15, 2019

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3 Ways To Be A Conscientious Cannabis Consumer

Because cannabis is in a grey area, it’s not treated like an everyday plant or product coming from harvest, but rather something more comparable to a combination of prescription drugs and alcohol.

When you want to partake in the recreational cannabis market, either as a resident or tourist, the newness and novelty of everything could distract you from one very important truth: that marijuana is still an industry, a product, and a part of the consumer system. Because cannabis is in a grey area (outside of its taxation and sale), it’s not treated like an everyday plant or product coming from harvest, but rather something more comparable to a combination of prescription drugs and alcohol.

Even in legal states like Washington, where purchase is perhaps easiest for the layperson, you can see the locked down flower in plastic, labeled with strain analyses — and it’s not as affordable as an equivalent amount of some other substances. Decriminalized places are still worse off, considering even New York still arrests 50 people each day for cannabis possession, use, and sale, enforced primarily on New Yorkers of color. The issue of purchasing and using cannabis in a fully legal and normalized way still bears weight on a few of society’s most crucial concerns.

Farm Integrity

Make sure that the places you patronize are not only treating the cannabis plant with respect and care, but their staff and community as well. Dr. Jon Vaught, CEO of Front Range Biosciences tells The Fresh Toast how this practice pushes fans forward:

“Consumers can influence cultivation practices by purchasing products that are certified pesticide and pathogen free. One way to do this is to ask your dispensary agent which products have a third-party certification showing that the grower is transparent about their cultivation methods, practice sustainability and have fair labor conditions. Supply is directly impacted by demand, and consumer voice and purchase decisions have the power to drive producers to implement standards and certifications.”

Being careful where you spend is an essential tool for keeping your dollars in the right hands. Farms that have ethical programs will always perform in today’s awakened buyer market.

Social Justice

As a customer you don’t always have to think about what your purchase means, but knowing how many people are still in prison or encumbered by cannabis charges is a chief concern of many cannabis activists. Sharpen that activism so that your love of cannabis can help those who have suffered to make sure that you can enjoy it.

On the less considered side of the coin, think about how the widespread and standardized use of cannabis could help so many people around the globe. Magical Butter CEO, Garyn Angel, envisions a patient-first future. He says:

Allowing reimbursement would reduce long-term insurance costs. Cannabis is a dietary essential and if consumed regularly may prevent disease- medical marijuana recommendations from physicians is frequently for ailments. Cannabis is a tool to improve public health we need to utilize it efficiently. The opioid epidemic is a significant social cost. Legalize cannabis because it reduces inflammation. Allow non-addictive plant-derived alternatives to disrupt the big pharma model.

Recycle

And how can we forget Mother Earth? Sure it’s exciting to run in the store and buy all of these products, but what about all of the packaging? Angel talks about this pile, saying, “Dispensary waste is out of control! Every gram of concentrate is individually packaged to be childproof creating an abundance of garbage. Vaporizer cartridges are not being recycled, reused, or refilled.”

Dr. Vaught agrees that this is a problem that we may not have fully considered in our excitement to get the good stuff. Another way that consumers can be conscious is to purchase products that are stored in environmentally friendly packaging. He says, “States with strict requirements on packaging materials make it difficult at times, but not impossible. Look for products housed in recyclable, compostable, child-resistant cannabis packaging, like that from Sana Packaging.”

Get stoked about cannabis, but like everything we consume, we should hold it to a certain standard. If anything, cannabis standards should be even higher, considering we have a chance to build the industry up from illegal to global, it should invoke everything we know about ethics until now.

Photos: Maria Penaloza

CBD Can Assist Those Addicted To Marijuana

Brendan Bures

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October 15, 2019

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CBD Can Assist Those Addicted To Marijuana

Estimates say that one in 10 marijuana users suffer from cannabis use disorder, characterized by withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety and insomnia.

Those suffering from a cannabis addiction should use more cannabis, new research indicates. That doesn’t mean smoking more weed, though. Instead, a new study found that individuals taking a pill containing cannabidiol (CBD) extract successfully halved the amount of cannabis they smoked.

The results were recently presented at New Scientist Live, and have yet to be published in a peer-reviewed journal. However, this initial experiment into assisting those suffering from marijuana addiction offers an avenue to recovery. Estimates say that one in 10 marijuana users suffer from cannabis use disorder, characterized by withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety and insomnia.

Val Curran, the University College London professor behind the trial, says there’s a rising number of people seeking treatment after developing a dependency on cannabis. This, in part, because of newfound access to legal marijuana following widespread legalization efforts across the world.

study young marijuana use linked with stress and anxiety — Photo by AntonioGuillem/Getty Images

For the trial, Curran and her team had individuals undergo a four-week course of CBD to potentially alleviate the cannabis withdrawal symptoms. The participants, all of whom Curran classified as severely addicted, were given three different doses of CBD capsules or a placebo. While the lowest dose didn’t work, those who received the middle dose of 400 milligrams experienced positive results, as they halved their cannabis intake after six months when compared to the placebo. Individuals who received 800 mg of CBD saw some results, thought the dosage wasn’t as effective to the 400 mg group.

“CBD gets rid of the toxic effects of THC,” Curran told News Scientist.

Urine tests analyzed how much THC remained in the participants’ systems following the trial. Those receiving the 400 mg dose more than doubled the amount of days they had no THC in their bodies. University of Sydney professor Iain McGregor, who assisted with the trial, noted that “CBD has a variety of anti-addictive properties.” As a result, McGregor has assembled a team to analyze how CBD could treat alcohol addiction.

“Two of the main features during alcohol detoxification is severe anxiety and risk of seizures. We think CBD has very strong anxiety-reducing properties,” he said.

Previous research has shown that Sativex, an FDA-approved drug effective in treating severe forms of epilepsy, was also effective in helping those suffering from cannabis use disorder. Sativex contains both CBD and THC, treating individuals in a way similar to nicotine patches.

How Dirty Is Your Water Bottle?

Maria Loreto

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October 14, 2019

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Merely rinsing out the part of the bottle your mouth touches is not enough; it’s important to scrub the inside of the container too.

Reusable water bottles provide tons of perks. Aside from keeping you hydrated and helping you save some money, they also contribute to less plastic pollution. Although there appears to be no drawbacks, these bottles are washed less than other containers, with experts claiming that they’re perfect brewing environments for bacteria.

Mashable spoke with a doctor who says that a large percentage of water bottles are dirty and washed incorrectly. Merely rinsing out the part of the bottle your mouth touches is not enough; it’s important to scrub the inside of the container too.

“Bacteria tend to form a biofilm on the inside of the reusable container over time. So you need mechanical action to get rid of that biofilm that coats the inside of the bottle,” says Dr. Philip Tierno.

The biofilm that builds up inside these containers can be compared to the one that builds up on bathtubs, which is a pretty gross. It has an assortment of bacteria that can be picked up from different places like your mouth or the outside environment. By touching things, jumping on elevators, using stairs and meeting new people you’re exposing yourself to bacteria, which can easily sneak inside your bottle when you screw on and off the lid.

Luckily, if your bottle is properly washed, you can continue to use it until it breaks. The entire container must be cleaned thoroughly and regularly, using soap, hot water, and a bottle brush. Keep an eye out for nooks and ridges and and be mindful of your brush and sponge, cleaning these regularly since bacteria can be easily transferred.

How To Sniff Out Free Weed At A Party

Mike Adams

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October 14, 2019

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If there is one tried-and-true method for finding people with weed, it’s to step outside and join the smokers.

Not everyone carries weed around with them when they venture out among the socialites of the party scene. Nope. Although marijuana is now one of the most commonly used substances on the planet, it is still illegal for recreational use in most parts of the United States.

This means those who subscribe to common sense — those with too much to lose — have a tendency to avoid any situation where they might risk getting busted by the police for pot possession. But that doesn’t mean that around the second or third cocktail, they are not feeling the need to catch a nice canna-buzz to take their adventure to the next level. It is at this point in the evening when it is time to make friends with the people who are holding a fat sack of grass. But where to look?

Venture Outside With the Smokers: If there is one tried-and-true method for finding people with weed, it’s to step outside and join the smokers. Sure, there will be those desperate folks huddled around a fire pit, trying not to freeze to death while getting their nicotine fix. But upon closer inspection, you will find those who ventured outside to get into the appropriate frame of mind.

They might be standing on the sidelines; they might be in plain sight, but they are in the mix. All you have to do is step up and say something like, “Freeze dirtbags, this is the police.” No, in all seriousness, don’t do that. If you live in a prohibition state, you might give someone a heart attack. Instead, try saying, “Hey, it smells like somebody’s got the good stuff over here.” Stoners are friendly people for the most part. They probably will not mind letting you into their circle for a hit or two.

Google “Stoners” And Look For Those People: If you are not sure what kind of folks might be out there holding weed for you to mooch, be thankful for technology. All one really has to do is whip out their trusty smartphone, open their web browser, and do a quick search of the term “stoner.” A broad range of photos will pop up. Everything from longhairs, hippies, and people with dreadlocks.

Now, just take a look around the room and determine which characters in the place most closely resemble the photos that showed up in the search. Chances are they are holding weed. Wait, isn’t this stereotyping? Sure it is, but that doesn’t make it any less valid. You might have to buy them a drink and engage in some small talk first, but that is sometimes the price you have to pay.

Let The Weed Come To You: Sure, you can get all desperate and run the risk of annoying the hell out of your fellow party people, or just play it cool and let the weed come to you. Truth be told, it is almost impossible to be on any social outing these days and not encounter someone eager to share their stash. Marijuana is just that prevalent right now, especially considering the popularity of vapes. It’s easy to get high in public without the odor of skunk giving a person away.

But if you don’t feel like waiting around for a marijuana buzz to find you when it is needed the most, we suppose you will just need to get over your fear of getting busted by the cops and start packing your own supply before you go out. Just don’t be surprised when a stranger or two approaches during a midnight toke in hopes that you will get them high for free. Mooches are everywhere.

Cannabis And Tourette Syndrome: Current Understanding

Joel Claycomb

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October 14, 2019

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Cannabis And Tourette Syndrome: Current Understanding

Photo by Jamie Grill/Getty Images In a survey of 64 TS patients, 25% indicated they had used cannabis, with over 80% of those individuals indicating that it helped reduce tics.

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder that develops in an early age in patients and is defined by involuntary movements and vocalizations, known as tics. These tics can be painful, embarrassing, and functionally impairing. At the present time, there is no known cure for TS. Current treatments aim to help control tics to improve quality of life. However, they have also been known to produce negative side effects.¹

Some of the more common medications that are used to treat TS include clonidine, risperidone, haloperidol, and topiramate. While these drugs provide relief for many patients, they also have a plethora of side effects associated with their use. These side effects may include hypotension, drowsiness, weight gain, depression, and potentially kidney stones. In addition to pharmacological treatments, there is evidence that comprehensive behavioral treatment can be effective in reducing tics and helping in TS.²

The use of cannabis in the treatment of TS is a relatively new idea. In a survey of 64 TS patients who were interviewed at Hannover Medical School, 25% indicated they had used cannabis, with over 80% of those individuals indicating that it helped in reducing tics. Following this, several additional small-scale studies comparing THC containing products against placebo demonstrated statistically significant improvements in TS related tics. Additionally, most of the patients who found success with cannabis had failed at least one pharmacological intervention.³

It is theorized that either modulation of dopamine transmission or dysregulation of the endocannibinoid system (specifically due to interactions between CB1 receptors and other neurotransmitter systems). Strains that are high in limonene or with tangerine lineage appear to assist in modulating dopamine dysregulation linked to TS.¹

cbd as medicine how much do we know so far — Photo by OlegMalyshev/Getty Images

The proposed oral starting dose is 2.5mg daily, increased by 2.5mg every three to five days, up to a maximum dose of 30mg daily.1 Of note, it appears that inhaled cannabinoids provide faster onset and relief of symptoms. Unfortunately, there is not a lot of information directly comparing the effects of inhaled cannabis to oral formulations, so patients typically experience some trial and error in treatment.³

Due to its status as a Schedule I drug, as well as an absence of federal laws sanctioning medical marijuana in the United States, large-scale controlled research studies are virtually non-existent at the present time. However, in Germany a placebo-controlled study designed to investigate the efficacy and safety of cannabis in patients with TS is currently underway.⁴

Because patients in studies typically stayed on their prescription medications while using cannabis, further investigation is necessary in order to confirm the value of cannabis as a solo treatment option. Ultimately, cannabis appears to be a promising option in the treatment of tics and associated symptoms of TS, though additional research is necessary to confirm efficacy and safety.³

1. Backes, M. (2014). Cannabis pharmacy: the practical guide to medical marijuana. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. 43, 283

2. Kumar A, Duda L, Mainali G, Asghar S, Byler D. A Comprehensive Review of Tourette Syndrome and Complementary Alternative Medicine. Curr Dev Disord Rep. 2018;5(2):95–100. doi:10.1007/s40474-018-0137-2

3. Eddy CM, Rickards HE, Cavanna AE. Treatment strategies for tics in Tourette syndrome. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2011;4(1):25–45. doi:10.1177/1756285610390261

4. https://tourette.org/research-medical/medical-marijuana

Warning: Do Not Smoke Woody Harrelson’s Weed For This Reason

Brendan Bures

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October 14, 2019

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Warning: Do Not Smoke Woody Harrelson’s Weed For This Reason

Woody Harrelson’s co-stars have squealed that America’s friendliest stoner carries ‘very, very strong weed.’

Ever since Woody Harrelson let his pal Willie Nelson convince him to start smoking marijuana again, Harrelson has resumed his public image as America’s friendliest stoner. He told Esquire about that time cannabis helped him escape an awful dinner with Donald Trump before his presidency and made a couple visits to California’s Lowell Café, the first legal cannabis restaurant in the country.

But that doesn’t mean you should partake in what Woody’s smoking. Zombieland: Double Tap co-star Zoey Deutch advised strictly against it during a Tonight Show appearance this week.

“By the way, public service announcement: If there’s one thing I learned from this movie, it’s do not smoke Woody Harrelson’s weed,” Deutch said. “It’s like the Olympics of weed smoking.”

Deutch then played coy about whether she joined a smoke session with Harrelson before Jimmy Fallon quickly attempted to change subjects. But luckily we had a couple follow-up questions provided by another talk-show host, Ellen Degeneres. Harrelson was a guest on her show and Ellen wasted no time getting to Woody’s weed.

“I heard that a lot of your castmates are saying that it’s dangerous to smoke the marijuana that you travel with because it’s very, very strong,” Ellen said.

“I’ve had a lot of people say that, yep,” Harrelson responded. “You don’t want to half step.”

The two bantered back and forth, with Harrelson subtly hinting at lighting one up for Ellen. But she refused the offer, stating that she never connected with smoking marijuana.

“I want to remember my vacations,” she joked.

Does Using Cannabis To Treat ADHD Work?

Dr. Mary Clifton

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October 14, 2019

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Finding products that are going to work well for people not only during an entire day, but across their lifespan is very important.

Internet chat rooms are exploding with people talking about cannabis to treat their ADHD, but does it really work? I’m Doctor Mary Clifton. I’m an internal medicine doctor practicing in Manhattan, New York and I thought I would never have to treat ADHD. I mean, it’s a diagnosis of childhood.

However, all kinds of children who suffer with ADHD grow up to be adults who continue to have symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity. – Tweet this!

There’s the issue with being able to pay attention, but then there’s also the issue of being able to sit still. It affects people over their course of their entire lifetime, in most cases. And it affects people over the course of their entire day. It not only impacts work and school outcomes, but it also impacts relationship outcomes at home. Finding products that are going to work well for people not only during an entire day, but across their lifespan is very important.

I’m going to share with you a study that holds great promise for how cannabis might be helpful in managing the impulsivity component of ADHD. This study looked at cannabis users compared to healthy controls. They used a PET scanner, which is the functional MRI, the MRI that makes the brain light up or cool off in various locations depending on input. They found that the people treated with methylphenidate, which is one of the stimulants that’s used currently to treat ADHD and the people treated with cannabis had the same changes in metabolism in the cerebellum. Both stimulants that are currently used frequently to manage ADHD and cannabis, affect the movement centers of the brain the same way when they’re studied with a functional MRI.

If you’re dealing with impulsivity with difficultly sitting still, you may find that cannabis is going to give you a pretty similar outcome to methylphenidate, at least based on this one small study. Further studies are needed. Additional recommendations for managing ADHD in children can’t be made at this time because we don’t have much information about the way things work in an adolescent brain exposed to cannabis, There may be some promise for some treatments or maybe some distillations of cannabis in the future. The pharmacology companies are certainly paying attention.

This post originally appeared on CBD & Cannabis Info.

This Week’s Music: Harry Styles, King Princess And Halsey

Maria Loreto

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October 13, 2019

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This Week’s Music: Harry Styles, King Princess And Halsey

This week is all about pop, featuring Harry Styles, King Princess and Halsey.

This Week’s Music is a weekly column that discusses the weeks’ best, worst, and most interesting songs. We try to select songs of different artists and genres to keep things interesting and to please a variety of music fans.

This week features an assortment of pop songs from Harry Styles, King Princess and Halsey. Check them out:

Pop

Harry Styles – Lights Up

Accompanied by his usually spot on musical video productions, “Lights Up” is Harry Styles’ last single, dropped without much buildup or anticipation. Like his previous album, Styles’ music continues to surprise, adding new dimensions to his music and blurring all sorts of genres. “Lights Up” is a proud pop song with a dash of psychedelia, backed by an elaborate production that features pianos, guitars and all sorts of musical flourishes. Although the lyrics are cryptic and up to interpretation, Styles continues to release the best music when compared to his 1D band mates and to many of his contemporaries in the business.

King Princess – Playboy School of Pop

King Princess is a product of her time and also an anomaly. While she represents much of what defines young artists (political, progressive and self-aware) she’s also making music that stands completely by itself. Her songs are honest, queer and unrepentant, showing a depth in songwriting that’s well past her 20 years of age. She’s one of the most promising artists of her generation.

Halsey – Graveyard

Halsey is an incredibly prolific artist, with three records under her belt, all filled with pop songs that have earned mainstream acclaim. “Graveyard” provides nothing new from her, but it packs some of what’s made her successful, which is incredibly catchy chorus and lines. A large part of the song blurs together, but some bits stand out in rhythm and sneak their way into your brain. Halsey is an artist that’s comfortable in her zone, returning to subjects and sounds she enjoys. Still, her work is interesting, suggesting that at some point she’ll strike gold.

Dogs Of Instagram: The Bull Terrier

Anthony Washington

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October 13, 2019

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Filled with personality, the Bull Terrier is a funny and mischievous breed that thrives with quality time around its loved humans.

Most well known for being the mascot for Target, the Bull Terrier has a distinct look that some might say only a mother could love. The breed’s trademark is its strong, long, pronounced, egg-shaped head with small triangular eyes and muscular build. Filled with personality, the Bull Terrier is a funny and mischievous breed that thrives with quality time around its loved humans.

Here, we laugh and enjoy the most comical Bull Terriers of Instagram.

Eddie

https://www.instagram.com/p/BomfQVXBEe2/

Shark Sparrow

https://www.instagram.com/p/BnwcZkWlrCB/

Hunter

https://www.instagram.com/p/BqEXL1oBVn5/

Neville Jacobs

https://www.instagram.com/p/BdVJFztn7xh/

RELATED: Dogs Of Instagram: The Boxer

Tajjan

https://www.instagram.com/p/Bnt4jdhFfM6/

The Fresh ToastThe most trusted name in cannabis

Medical Marijuana Can Help ALS

Hundreds of studies have looked into the benefits of THC and CBD on pain and overall health, and in the last decade alone, dozens have focused on the effect of cannabinoids on ALS.

3 Ways To Be A Conscientious Cannabis Consumer

Because cannabis is in a grey area, it’s not treated like an everyday plant or product coming from harvest, but rather something more comparable to a combination of prescription drugs and alcohol.

Farm Integrity

Social Justice

Recycle

CBD Can Assist Those Addicted To Marijuana

Estimates say that one in 10 marijuana users suffer from cannabis use disorder, characterized by withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety and insomnia.

How Dirty Is Your Water Bottle?

Merely rinsing out the part of the bottle your mouth touches is not enough; it’s important to scrub the inside of the container too.

How To Sniff Out Free Weed At A Party

If there is one tried-and-true method for finding people with weed, it’s to step outside and join the smokers.

Cannabis And Tourette Syndrome: Current Understanding

Photo by Jamie Grill/Getty Images In a survey of 64 TS patients, 25% indicated they had used cannabis, with over 80% of those individuals indicating that it helped reduce tics.

Warning: Do Not Smoke Woody Harrelson’s Weed For This Reason

Woody Harrelson’s co-stars have squealed that America’s friendliest stoner carries ‘very, very strong weed.’

Does Using Cannabis To Treat ADHD Work?

Finding products that are going to work well for people not only during an entire day, but across their lifespan is very important.

This post originally appeared on CBD & Cannabis Info.

This Week’s Music: Harry Styles, King Princess And Halsey

This week is all about pop, featuring Harry Styles, King Princess and Halsey.

Pop

Don't Miss Your Weekly Dose of The Fresh Toast.

The Fresh ToastThe most trusted name in cannabis

Hundreds of studies have looked into the benefits of THC and CBD on pain and overall health, and in the last decade alone, dozens have focused on the effect of cannabinoids on ALS.

Because cannabis is in a grey area, it’s not treated like an everyday plant or product coming from harvest, but rather something more comparable to a combination of prescription drugs and alcohol.

Farm Integrity

Social Justice

Recycle

Estimates say that one in 10 marijuana users suffer from cannabis use disorder, characterized by withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety and insomnia.

Merely rinsing out the part of the bottle your mouth touches is not enough; it’s important to scrub the inside of the container too.

If there is one tried-and-true method for finding people with weed, it’s to step outside and join the smokers.

Photo by Jamie Grill/Getty Images In a survey of 64 TS patients, 25% indicated they had used cannabis, with over 80% of those individuals indicating that it helped reduce tics.

Woody Harrelson’s co-stars have squealed that America’s friendliest stoner carries ‘very, very strong weed.’

Finding products that are going to work well for people not only during an entire day, but across their lifespan is very important.

This post originally appeared on CBD & Cannabis Info.

This week is all about pop, featuring Harry Styles, King Princess and Halsey.

Pop

Filled with personality, the Bull Terrier is a funny and mischievous breed that thrives with quality time around its loved humans.

Eddie

Shark Sparrow

Hunter

Neville Jacobs

Tajjan

Don't Miss Your Weekly Dose of The Fresh Toast.

Photo by Jamie Grill/Getty Images In a survey of 64 TS patients, 25% indicated they had used cannabis, with over 80% of those individuals indicating that it helped reduce tics.